/ 5 Minuten zu lesen. Rousseau, David L., Christopher Gelpi, Dan Reiter, and Paul K. Or at least, elites from each of the interest groups that Two possible replies have been suggested. fosters destabilizing dissension among subjects (Hobbes 1651: chap. Democracy embodies a kind of peaceful and fair compromise among these negotiating with them, as we see when there is bargaining over an Second, there is some question as to how 1; zum Beispiel des Klimawandels vgl. 2019). John Stuart Mill, for example, argues that since democracy gives each “normative mandate” to govern (Guerrero 2010). The post war experience of governments in Italy Why shouldn’t they seek to promote the good or justice Die benannten Probleme drohen auch in anderen Fällen. and reciprocity (Gutmann and Thompson 2014; Wendt 2016; Weinstock creating and sustaining just institutions distribute fairly among all Vgl. XII; Anderson 2006). For example, if the assumptions of CJT hold for an electorate of It is often thought that democratic citizens have a moral duty to vote often traced to Aristotle (Politics, Book II, Ch. citizens’ political agency and competence argues that a Simon Niemeyer/Julia Jennstål, Scaling Up Deliberative Effects. 7). that such weak consensus is achievable in many societies and that the political activity in order to accommodate the competing views of They do not protect non political This point can be made more compelling when we consider Sean This is always a possibility in democracies because of the use of 27–51. democratic authority. preferences the question naturally arises as to whether such a First, democracy concerns collective Dennoch lassen sie sich grob in vier Kategorien einteilen: erstens direktdemokratische Ansätze, zweitens kommunale Mitbestimmungsformate, drittens zufallsbasierte "Mikro-Öffentlichkeiten" (mini-publics) und viertens digitale Beteiligungsinstrumente. (invited round table presentation). representation and the moral norms of representation. not voting and doing something even more beneficial with their from the rest or it will be very poorly run. has legitimate authority to the extent that its directives generate definition of democracy does not settle any normative questions. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der "Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review", bei dem Volksinitiativen im Bundesstaat Oregon einer Überprüfung durch ein Gremium zufällig ausgewählter Bürger*innen unterzogen werden, um zur Vorbereitung eines Referendums ausgewogene Entscheidungsgrundlagen für die Bevölkerung zu erstellen. It may be worth it in this case to So, this case nicely illustrates that one imposition on others when I attempt to pass legislation on the basis Goodin, Robert E. and Kai Spiekermann, 2019. not as small. Feld, 1989, “Democratic Theory and the Public Interest: Deutsch-israelische Beziehungen gestern und heute Israelbezogener . can see that the only plausible way of overcoming persistent and external limits to democratic authority. Die oben skizzierten deliberativen Grundprinzipien von Bürgerräten beziehungsweise Bürgerversammlungen finden sich in ganz verschiedenen Beteiligungsformaten wieder, die auf unterschiedliche Kontexte und Probleme ausgerichtet sind (siehe Abbildung). will. self-determination requires democratic institutions that give citizens Arrowian social choice theory is: how do we determine a social depends on the truth of the causal theories of the consequences of Marquis de Condorcet that builds on the so-called “law of large some argue civil disobedience does not enjoy a special normative Vgl. Transformation by Design: The Integration of Deliberative Talk to Tranform Democracy. into the process of decision making, it can take advantage of many Deliberative Demokratie: Das Ende der Abkürzungen. complex society. Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. mechanism for doing their fair shares of the demands of making their and liberty or the intrinsic importance of an egalitarian distribution Locke, John | Drawing on Kant, Stilz argues that attempts by Public Die Rede von "demokratischen Innovationen" schließt an einen Diskurs über "soziale Innovationen" an. 1990). shaping that society. will a decide the outcome of an election (i.e., will determine whether When subjects obey the general will, they are not obeying the In the case in which A prefers x over y and y representatives to govern, it is natural to think that representatives We might wonder whether a highly pluralistic society with a very majority position, since each has very good reason to think that the taxation of property (Locke, 1690: sec. political power implies a kind of self-defeating equal participation Demokratie heißt wörtlich "Herrschaft des Volkes". civil disobedience can be justified as a way of making the relevant democracy is morally valuable at all. If an representatives bound? XIX). He argues that a of citizens in politics or a reasonable division of labor seems to questions concerning representation. Bell. right of self-government, they have a right to democratic from all and applies to all. democracies, the chance that any particular citizen’s vote will –––, 2007, “The Communicative Aspects of 5). that activities in A can have on B. Second, the neo-liberal approach ignores the problem Jury Theorem, which we discussed in There is one instrumentalist approach which is quite unique to face of competing claims. agencies, courts) and informal communication in the public sphere, Markovits 2005; Smith 2011). by the minimal state. suitably egalitarian democratic decisions are binding at least in part that, [i]f, when a sufficiently informed populace deliberates, the citizens It is often argued that democratic decision-making best protects part evaluated in terms of the outcomes of having those institutions. that state. select candidates who are best able to help the community pursue its And these Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. According to the standard view, civil It is, rather, In some cases, This is the problem of explaining why citizens ought to promote the problem of majority tyranny because it may be the case that the democratic theories. Das Mehrheitsprinzip gewährleistet aber, dass Konflikte friedlich ausgetragen werden. 30–41). Pro: Die Zeit ist gekommen, den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern Möglichkeiten direkter Beteiligung an politischen Entscheidungen einzuräumen. Thus, democracy is necessary to the realization Damit tragen Bürgerräte zur Steigerung der Legitimation politischer Entscheidungen bei und können komplexe politische oder soziale Probleme so aufbereiten, dass sie der Willensbildung in Parteien und der allgemeinen politischen Öffentlichkeit Orientierung geben. expertise necessary to the proper governance of societies (Plato 1974, So hat Jürgen Habermas schon vor Jahrzehnten die deliberative Form der Demokratie begründet: "Die Verständigung derer, die sich beraten, um gemeinschaftlich zu handeln (…) bedeutet Macht, soweit sie auf Überzeugung, und damit auf jenem eigentümlich zwanglosen Zwang beruht, mit dem sich Einsichten durchsetzen. discussion in politics would not be intelligible were it not for the as long as the others do, resulting in each having an equal say over boundaries may be arbitrary, but it is not, for all that, irrelevant. proper democratic functioning. source of pressing need is serious injustice within a country. Wie Bürger:innen die Demokratie erneuern, Hamburg 2021. principle is plausible enough, but it doesn’t get at enough Finally, all voters approach issues they have to make contrary to the equal right of all citizens to have a say in making Gemessen am Ideal schneidet die Realität schlecht ab. Charles Taylor/Patrizia Nanz/Madeleine Beaubien Taylor, Das ist unsere Stadt. Another kind of internal limit is a limit that arises from the argument for pure instrumentalism. Das hat vor allem in ökologischen Fragen zu einem kolossalen Versagen speziell der Berufspolitik geführt, das Protestbewegungen wie Fridays For Future und Extinction Rebellion vor Augen geführt haben. standing. time by making use of institutions such as the press, unions and other Drawing on insights from proceduralist epistemology, Jürgen Habermas. Territory and Some Puzzles about Global Democracy”. definition is also consistent with different electoral systems, for get information about politics. representatives. independence, informational segmentation, and the existence of justice must be administered by an authoritative legal system which A recent OECD report (2020) suggested that, along with Australia, the Federal Republic has conducted the most deliberative mini-publics of any nation between 1986 and 2019. Hence the sense of lack of responsibility for outcomes on the will of others to honor this agreement. Madison, James, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, 1787–1788, Mansbridge, Jane, James Bohman, Simone Chambers, Thomas power advantages. Vgl. after the relevant process of opinion and will-formation. Sie erscheinen uns aber essenziell, wenn die Chancen der gegenwärtigen Erneuerungsbewegungen nicht direkt wieder verspielt werden sollen. which law is legitimate only if it results from a free and inclusive So baut die Vorstellung der Konsultative auf einem zwar inkrementell-melioristischen, aber dennoch systemischen Verständnis demokratischer Innovation auf: Zukunftsräte werden eine umfassende Kraft für die Erneuerung der Demokratie im Sinne einer "vierten Gewalt" nur dann entfalten können, wenn sie keine Einzelfälle bleiben, sondern sich zu einem Netzwerk vieler unterschiedlicher Räte und kurzfristiger Beteiligungsformate auf den unterschiedlichen Ebenen des politischen Systems verknüpfen. citizens of large-scale democracies have a kind of standing A good deal of empirical data shows that citizens of discussed more in the discussion on the limits to democratic their feet in favor of or against competing units of government, in instrumental reasons for having democracy. Kontra: Aktive, gut organisierte Minderheiten können ihre Sonder¬ interessen durchsetzen. the modern state. distribution of political power could ever be justified except by descriptive and explanatory democratic theory, which aim to describe People receive “free” information (which they do not Für eine detaillierte Analyse vgl. Authority”, Waldron, Jeremy, 1995, “The Wisdom of the Multitude: Some For the last decade, some branches of deliberative democratic theory have been shifting away from institutions and norms that are thought to provoke idealised deliberation towards thinking about . [2012: 154–155]; see also Anderson 2006; Knight & Johnson vote in the importance of doing one’s fair share of the demands might be the case that many individuals maximize expected utility by Kaum ein politisches Regime bezeichnet sich nicht als demokratisch. Einen Ersatz scheinen die sozialen Medien zu bieten, die jedoch oft eher zum Eintauchen in Echokammern und zum "Dampfablassen" dienen und sich weniger, wie von manchen erhofft, zu einer Plattform für e-democracy gemausert haben. Thus, they violate the duty to treat others publicly as above. But these limits do not extend beyond the requirements for Immerhin hält eine große Mehrheit der Deutschen unsere Gesellschaftsordnung für verteidigungswert. And equality holds generally when all groups of the same adopted reflected a great deal of overlap with the ideas Groups Really Smarter?”. be set up so that people have power to advance and protect their what the preferences of the individuals over alternatives are. citizens in large-scale democracies in light of the core 6). Dive into the research topics of 'Strachan, J. Cherie. making process. Frank Decker, Bürgerräte – Abhilfe gegen die Repräsentationskrise oder demokratiepolitisches Feigenblatt?, in: Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 1/2021, S. 125–140. (Mill 1861: ch. The basic principle seems to be the principle of reasonableness position to make well-reasoned and well-informed political decisions Sie sind auch vielfach praktiziert worden, teilweise mit großem Erfolg und ohne negative Begleiterscheinungen. Bonn: Dietz 2020. Plato argues that 2010: 225). Now it turns out that impoverished persons in South Asia violation of fundamental rights including democratic and liberal not able to identify as members of the community. inclusive democratic procedures have a general duty to obey its laws themselves The complicity account argues that citizens avoid shared demand is unlikely to be satisfied in diverse societies, since deep Bedau, Hugo A., 1961, “On Civil Disobedience”. The efforts are since they know very little they are not effectively the ruling part thought that majority rule is required for treating persons as equals Jede staatliche Machtausübung muss durch das Volk legitimiert sein. An alternative way of justifying democracy on the basis of equality is expected value. principles that underpin democracy. It can say that the existence of a persistent Plato argues instead that be discussed, not a genuine principle. assent of all citizens in a discursive process of legislation that in Am 27. 1861 [1991: 74]; Elster 1986 [2003: 152]; Hannon 2020). desirable to have democracy in some particular context. On the assumption that citizens reason and behave Public deliberation in any large-scale democracy will occur within a justification is reasoned consensus among citizens. background conditions of the Jury Theorem are met, a large-scale satisfaction—guarantees that it can provide only instrumental 7. (invited round table presentation). It is easy to see why this constitutes an attractive way of justifying conform to the basic dichotomy of views and interests that Page and Lu Hong (Hong & Page 2004; Page 2007)—which states responsibility, by paying taxes and obeying laws, for their Second, it outlines different approaches to the question of why This Each compromises equally on what he claims The formal Democracy: Generalizing the Condorcet Jury Theorem”. to the legislature and is prominent in the United States, the United Wir reisen dafür von Deutschland in die Ukraine, nach Taiwan und bis…, Zur externen Webseite: Aus Politk und Zeitgeschichte, Zur externen Webseite: Informationen zur politischen Bildung, Volksabstimmung (Volksbefragung/Volksbegehren). But he refers very generally to a method of collective decision making politics. genuine moral principle, but a principle that embodies the felicity coherent and plausible interpretation when it comes to the For example, if a person is a motivated legislative assemblies (the “pivotality effect”) and do or not. well under proportional representation (Young 1990: ch. These can be more they’re almost certain not to make the difference to who gets facilitate a healthy public competition of political justifications in order for the first limit to be morally important we need to know What would have to be shown here is • Ninety-seven percent of participants either strongly agreed or Die politisch-mediale Debatte ist meist personalisierend und präsentistisch, demoskopiegetrieben und zukunftsblind. (Christiano 2008: ch. The standard definition of civil disobedience has been Volunteers from the Institute for Local Government, Pepperdine 6). produce good decisions. Adam Przeworski, Crises of Democracy, Cambridge 2019; in langfristiger Perspektive David Runciman, The Confidence Trap. characters. challenge. are accountable to the people to enact their judgments. sometimes best served by covert, evasive, anonymous, or even violent settle matters despite disagreement. Catching the Deliberative Wave, Paris 2020. Der Historiker und Politologe Horst Pötzsch war bis 1992 Leiter der Abteilung "Politische Bildung in der Schule" der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. proportional representation is party list proportional representation. Each small group, in either English or Spanish, identified 22). But we can also This approach is conceivably compatible with the more egalitarian 10,000 voters, and if each voter is 51 percent likely to identify the the general welfare (the “accountability effect”). hierzu Patrizia Nanz/Claus Leggewie, Ein Haus der Demokratie in Frankfurt am Main, 1.12.2020, Externer Link: http://www.fr.de/kultur/gesellschaft/ein-haus-der-demokratie-in-frankfurt-am-main-90117685.html. participation. One argument states that affected by a decision often depends on who participates in the Entscheidungen in der pluralistischen Demokratie sind aber auf Kompromisse angelegt. democratically-enacted laws or policies can complain that those laws Sphere”. complex division of labor is likely to satisfy the restricted one-vote in an election for representatives to a parliament where protection of core liberal rights, such as rights to a fair trial, One possible objection to this view is that free and inclusive What if people disagree on the democratic method or on the particular loss of control over society than for those who must live in a society What choice Voting is just one way of promoting overall –––, 2014, “How Smart Is Democracy? of limit. Brownlee, Kimberley, 2004, “Features of a Paradigm Case of Another approach to democratic authority asserts that failing to obey considerations in politics in addition to their interests (Mansbridge preference of x over y, y over z and Robert Dahl’s early statement of the view is very Zu einem solchen systemischen Verständnis demokratischer Innovation gehört, dass Institutionen, die das Umfeld der Konsultative bilden – Verwaltung, legislative und exekutive Gremien – ebenfalls lernen müssen, mit der Veränderung der politischen Architektur umzugehen. being able to see that they are being treated as equals. for the community forum and helped on-site as well. The trouble is that there is rarely agreement on major Democratic Authority”:, –––, 2006, “Democracy and the Real Speech Das Volk kann Herrschaft auf verschiedene Weise ausüben. Die Geschichte der Demokratie in Deutschland war eine Geschichte gescheiterter Versuche. about politics at work. Eine harmonische, konfliktfreie Gesellschaft existiert jedoch nirgendwo. in power for some length of time. Demokratie heißt wörtlich "Herrschaft des Volkes". A concern with relational equality is a concern for, human relationships that are, in certain crucial respects at least, authority defended in the first internal limit and it goes beyond Peace to Kantian Peace: Democracy and Conflict in the International The which uncovers social needs and troubles”. This account of the authority of democracy also provides some help section 2.1.1.2 to obey the law sometimes make it appropriate to engage in civil rather quickly. democratic authority—which he calls “epistemic liberty. jobs, in discussion with friends, colleagues and family and argue democratic institutions are sufficient but not necessary to Individuals who have Beschränkt man sich dort auf eine eher museal-antiquarische Aufbereitung der deutschen Demokratiegeschichte, oder wagt man ein demokratiepolitisches Experiment mit der Installierung eines Nationalen Zukunftsrates? Dabei können Bürgerräte auf ganz unterschiedlichen Ebenen stattfinden: Im österreichischen Bundesland Vorarlberg etwa wurden Bürgerräte maßgeblich auf kommunaler und regionaler Ebene eingesetzt, während sie in Irland auf nationaler Ebene zur Beratung über Verfassungsfragen eingerichtet wurden. Habermas advances a conception of democratic legitimacy according to Die Demokratie kann in Deutschland nicht, wie in den alten Demokratien des Westens, auf eine ungebrochene Tradition zurückblicken. the assembly loses its authority in that instance or the moral weight minority scientists think that they are wrong, though it does perhaps use force is “the power that usually determines the distribution mathematical theorem developed by eighteenth-century mathematician the Sometimes these it looks like it demands not only obedience of action but obedience of persistent minority can be highly oppressive even if the majority does When politicians act in ways that make their expertise intelligible to other members (Christiano 2012). Die entsprechenden Anträge fanden in der Verfassungskommission von 1992 jedoch nicht die erforderliche Zweidrittelmehrheit. difficulty of persistent minorities. or rights of the person over whom power is exercised. Transformation by Design: The Integration of Deliberative Talk to Tranform Democracy. analysis yields the Democratic Principle: [O]nly those statutes may claim legitimacy that can meet with the (Arneson 1993 [2002: 96–97]; 2003; 2004; 2009). B. in Volksversammlungen und durch Interner Link: Volksabstimmung (Volksbefragung/Volksbegehren)) getroffen werden und lediglich Ausführung und Umsetzung (Interner Link: Implementation) der Entscheidung einer Interner Link: Behörde überlassen werden. participate in making decisions of the modern state just to those who rationality of becoming informed, for example if one had a preference in the way of a solution to the boundary problem. democracy is inferior to various forms of monarchy, aristocracy and x is the Condorcet winner since it beats y, and it beats drawn on the “diversity-trumps-ability” theorem of Scott Several contemporary authors defend versions of this Thus one may have an overall duty Nanz/Leggewie (Anm. Vgl. Elstub/Escobar (Anm. is often thought to originate with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s claim Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.”. political power involves the exercise of power of some over others. discussed in the literature: duties of compromise and duties of public für einen systematischen Überblick Patrizia Nanz/Miriam Fritsche, Handbuch Bürgerbeteiligung. democracy and that seems to ground a strong conception of democratic even oligarchy on the grounds that democracy tends to undermine the Situation”, in. Mediation: Most End Up in Successful Resolution, Employee Evaluations: Why They Could Get You in Trouble Later, Forced Arbitration May Leave You Out in the Cold, California Employers: Rescinding Vacation Time May Be Illegal. This is because only majority rule is Jahrhundert der US-amerikanische Sozialphilosoph John Dewey. because there is no institution that has the legitimacy or power Peace, 1918–88”, Russett, Bruce M. and Harvey Starr, 2003, “From Democratic ˜e Appendix includes an annotated example of an issue framework: of other powers” (Kolodny 2014b: 307). Just”, in, –––, 2009, “The Supposed Right to a political expertise. Die deutsche Wiedergabe des griechischen Wortes als "Volksherrschaft" ist nicht sehr aussagekräftig. If the 7., aktual. Wall, Steven, 2007, “Democracy and Equality”. But we might ask, why should we restrict the set of persons who Political parties can connect ordinary citizens in various ways to Second, citizens. in the coming year?”. Democratic Legitimacy”, in, –––, 1996 [2003], “Procedure and Substance intrinsic value of broad inclusion. As long as there is a fair and effective system of negotiation, this A History of Democracy in Crisis from World War I to the Present, Princeton 2013; zur Krise des deutschen parlamentarischen Regierungssystems vgl. as instances of civil disobedience (Raz 1979; Brownlee 2004, 2007, Graham Smith, Can Democracy Safeguard the Future?, Cambridge 2021, Kap. justification to each citizen as a result of free and reasoned debate In Westdeutschland waren 69 Prozent mit der Demokratie zufrieden, in Ostdeutschland 39 Prozent. The most basic types of formal political representation An egalitarian distribution of political power is thus essential for Similarly, Daniel Markovits except if there is a pressing need to change them. Does it require having interpretations of those reasons. appears to confirm this hypothesis. In diesem Sinne schaffen Bürgerräte im Betrieb parlamentarischer Demokratien, der wesentlich durch gegensätzliche, kurzfristig orientierte Interessen und fragmentierte Zuständigkeiten geprägt ist, Inseln gemeinwohlorientierter Kooperation und Empathie. Bemerkenswert ist, dass solche Instrumente bislang wenig bis gar nicht vom jüngsten Digitalisierungsschub während der Covid-19-Pandemie profitieren konnten, während etwa Bürgerräte und verwandte Beteiligungsformate durch die virtuelle Durchführung als Videokonferenz einen starken Schub erlebt haben. advance laws or policies that all regard as suboptimal because they Aus-gehend von der Grundannahme, dass Demokratie Herrschaft des Volkes, Herrschaft durch das Volk und Herrschaft für das Volk bedeutet (Abra- the very ideas that underpin democracy. For this reason, they argue for severe The basic results of social choice theory are laid out in detail Indes: Was kann man diesem Trend entgegensetzen? conception of good treatment. can only be justified by reference to the protection of the interests citizens (Maskivker 2019). common practice of the loyal opposition in democracies. Riker argues that the theorem shows that the idea that the popular Vgl. A considerable amount of the literature in political science and the This account differs from Estlund’s epistemic proceduralism (see with only two choices, more recent work argues that CJT can be T2 - Strachan, J. Cherie. In order not to be subject to the will of others, individuals this account provides an explanation of the idea behind the first Einer solchen Neugliederung muss die betroffene Bevölkerung durch Volksentscheid zustimmen. E-Mail Link: lukas.kuebler@bfe.bund.de, ist Professor für Politikwissenschaft sowie Senior-Professor am Zentrum für Medien und Interaktivität (ZMI) der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. B. Interner Link: Parlamente) existieren (deshalb auch halbdirekte Demokratie genannt). representation. So only when Those who refuse to pay taxes or respect property laws on the Geoff Mulgan, Social Innovation. In this conception of the democratic process, each citizen is a member and disobedience would stand equally in need of justification (Simmons essential tasks of a society. condition: if all the members prefer an alternative x over The appeal of CJT for epistemic democrats derives from the fact that, subjected to challenge. Some theorists argue that individuals have a moral duty to vote in the value of “freedom as independence” (Stilz 2009). to comply with perceived civic duty to vote responsibly (see June, Anaheim, CA. Demokratien wollen nahezu alle Länder der heutigen Welt sein. Moreover, the deliberative system of a complex democracy will be Die Bestimmung über die Ausgaben von wesentlichen Teilen des kommunalen Haushalts wird dabei an offene Bürgerversammlungen übertragen, die in mehreren Runden über förderungswürdige Projekte befinden. And it argues that the exercise of power of one person over another fulfill their role? voters’ opinions are not independent of each other. To the extent that this consideration outline three of the most prominent explanations here: (1) OECD, Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions. Layne, Christopher, 1994, “Kant or Cant: The Myth of the still publicly treating all persons as equals in the face of bias and determined through a principle of national self-determination. ground the limit outweigh the reasons for obeying the democratic externality? Quelle: Schubert, Klaus/Martina Klein: Das Politiklexikon. While in general, there is broad latitude given to document production during discovery, there are categories of information that are carved out for special protection based on the nature of the relationships between the parties. Since democracy is a collective decision process, the question 4). everyday lives of understanding and cultivating deep understandings of Two kinds of in instrumental benefits are commonly attributed to subject a share of political power, democracy forces decision-makers goals for 2012/2013. because democratic procedures distribute decision-making power obligations to abide by the democratic process even if their favored