Definitions of geographic adjective of or relating to the science of geography synonyms: geographical adjective determined by geography "the north and south geographic poles" synonyms: geographical true determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles see more VocabTrainer™ Think you know quartet? These concerns have been central to geography ever since. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. [19], Time is usually thought to be within the domain of history, however, it is of significant concern in the discipline of geography. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. It was left to John Harrison to solve it by inventing the chronometer H-4 in 1760, and later in 1884 for the International Meridian Conference to adopt by convention the Greenwich meridian as zero meridians. [24][25][26] In physics, space and time are not separated, and are combined into the concept of spacetime. Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including: Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as: Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as: Descriptive – Simply specifies the locations of features and populations. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Share the Definition of physical geography on Twitter Twitter. [62] A variety of platforms can be used for remote sensing, including satellite imagery, aerial photography (including consumer drones), and data obtained from hand-held sensors. The influence of Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and Paul Vidal de la Blache can be seen as a major turning point in geography from philosophy to an academic subject.[95][96][97][98][99]. 2. To address this, William D. Pattison proposed the concept of the "Four traditions of Geography" in 1964. everything that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere). La géographie (du grec ancien γεωγραφία - geographia, composé de « η γη » ( hê gê) (la Terre) et « γραφειν » ( graphein) décrire 1, puis du latin geographia, littéralement traduit par « dessin de la Terre » 2) est une science centrée sur le présent, ayant pour objet la description de la Terre et . and Mining Soc. They developed very detailed maps of areas in and around Greece, including parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Kids Definition. Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include: Technical geography concerns studying and developing tools, techniques, and statistical methods employed to collect, analyze, use, and understand spatial data. physical geography, physiography the study of physical features of the earth's surface topography [20][21] In one of Yi-Fu Tuan's papers, he explains that in his view, geography is the study of Earth as a home for humanity, and thus place and the complex meaning behind the term is central to the discipline of geography. These are words often used in combination with geography. [14][20] This can be extraordinarily complex, as different spaces may have different uses at different times and mean different things to different people. noun: . Time in geography is more than just the historical record of events that occurred at various discrete coordinates; but also includes modeling the dynamic movement of people, organisms, and things through space. What is the difference between a GPS and a GIS? [92] He was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping cities and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography The Global Network location GIS (Geographic Information System) Map neighborhood area GPS region watershed Geography on the Job Definition of geography noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Alternative terms such as areography (geography of Mars) have been employed to describe the study of other celestial objects. In general, some dispute the entire concept of laws in geography and the social sciences. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. [93] His estimate of 6,339.9 km for the Earth radius was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km. [107][108] Like geology, history and geography have shared university departments. There are subtle differences to each concept and term; however, technical geography is one of the broadest, is consistent with the naming convention of the other two branches, has been in use since the 1700s, and has been used by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems to divide geography into themes. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition; 3.2 Market segment analysis ; Exhibit 13: Market segments; . [40] There are several other terms, often used interchangeably with technical geography to subdivide the discipline, including "techniques of geographic analysis,"[54] "Geographic Information Technology,"[1] "Geography method's and techniques,"[55] "Geographic Information Science,"[56] "geoinformatics," "geomatics," and "information geography". In physical geography, a place includes all of the physical phenomena that occur in space, including the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. [14], The Earth science tradition is largely concerned with what is generally referred to as physical geography. For example, 18th-century mariners figured out the geography of the Gulf Stream, a massive current flowing like a river through the Atlantic Ocean. The geographic perspective helped show where Americans were moving, why they were moving there, and how their new living places affected their lives, their relationships with others, and their interactions with the environment. geography that deals with the exterior physical features and changes of the earth… See the full definition Hello, Username. More importantly, they also raised questions about how and why different human and natural patterns came into being on Earth’s surface, and why variations existed from place to place. The study of other planets is usually called planetary science. They would study transportation, migration, housing, and language use, as well as the human impact on elements of the natural environment, such as the Huangpu River. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution. [41][42][43][44] The main aim is to understand, or define the uniqueness, or character of a particular region that consists of natural as well as human elements. The period of time between the 15th and 17th centuries is known in the West as the Age of Exploration or the Age of Discovery. [41][42][43][45] It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, like how human societies conceptualize the environment. Therefore, Geography is the science that deals with the description of the Earth's surface. For example, climatologists make predictions about El Niño, a cyclical weather phenomenon of warm surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. 1. She or he will best know the preferred format. Still, for some, ideology can trump everything — even local geography. Add geography to one of your lists below, or create a new one. [69][70] Geopoetics is employed as a mixed methods tool to explain the implications of geographic research. [71] It is often employed to address and communicate the implications of complex topics, such as the anthropocene. For example, by comparing satellite photos taken from 1955 to 2007, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) discovered that the rate of coastal erosion along Alaska’s Beaufort Sea had doubled. Because of this, many view the various definitions of geography proposed over the decades as inadequate. Send us feedback about these examples. [77], The concept of geography is present in all cultures, and therefore the history of the discipline is a series of competing narratives, with concepts emerging at various points across space and time. Ptolemy, author of one of the discipline’s first books, Guide to Geography (2nd century ce), defined geography as “a representation in pictures of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein.” This expresses what many still consider geography’s essence—a description of the world using maps (and now also pictures, as in the kind of “popular geographies” exemplified by National Geographic Magazine)—but, as more was learned about the world, less could be mapped, and words were added to the pictures. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. For example, geographic study has shown that a large mass of tiny pieces of plastic currently floating in the Pacific Ocean is approximately the size of Texas. Do you know the difference between everyday US and UK terminology? Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition Remotely sensed data may be analyzed independently or in conjunction with other digital data layers (e.g., in a geographic information system). Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Some examples of human geography include urban geography, economic geography, cultural geography, political geography, social geography, and population geography. Attention is paid also to regionalization, which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions. Test yourself with this quiz on words that differ across the Atlantic. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Some gazetteers may contain a list of capital cities or areas where a specific resource is found. [13][14] Thus, space is the most fundamental concept at the foundation of geography. They must learn geodesy and fairly advanced mathematics to understand how the shape of the Earth affects the distortion of map symbols projected onto a flat surface for viewing. [105] However, geology includes research that goes beyond the spatial component, such as the chemical analysis of rocks and biogeochemistry.[106]. Today, almost the entire surface of Earth has been mapped with remarkable accuracy, and much of this information is available instantly on the internet. The Greeks, who were the first to explore geography as both art and science, achieved this through Cartography, Philosophy, and Literature, or through Mathematics. [13], For something to exist in the realm of geography, it must be able to be described spatially. Browse our reference library for information about geography terms you should know. [53] It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. [82] The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. Academia - Geography as the world discipline: connecting popular and academic geographical imaginations, University of Minnesota Libraries - Open Textbooks - Geography Basics, Social Sci LibreTexts - Introduction to Geography, geography - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), geography - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). geography meaning: 1. the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes…. The effort to answer these questions about patterns and distribution led them to figure out that the world was round, to calculate Earth’s circumference, and to develop explanations of everything from the seasonal flooding of the Nile to differences in population densities from place to place. As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Human geography studies people and their communities, cultures, economies, and environmental interactions by studying their relations with and across space and place. 1 : of or relating to geography 2 : belonging to or characteristic of a particular region the geographic features of Ohio geographically ˌjē-ə-ˈgra-fi-k (ə-)lē adverb Example Sentences [89] Abū Zayd al-Balkhī, originally from Balkh, founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad. [35][36] However, this is an ongoing source of debate in geography and is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Because geographers' definitions of geography are the product of academic study and discussion, they cluster around a set of conventional definitions, including geography as the study of place and space and geography as the study of spatial patterns and processes at the earth's surface. [3] Technical geography involves studying and developing the tools and techniques used by geographers, such as remote sensing, cartography, and geographic information system. [2] Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Regional geographers take a somewhat different approach to specialization, directing their attention to the general geographic characteristics of a region. Soil studies are used by a variety of professions, from farmers analyzing field fertility to engineers investigating the suitability of different areas for building heavy structures. For something to fall into the domain of geography, it generally needs some sort of spatial component that can be placed on a map, such as coordinates, place names, or addresses. [83] In contrast to the Imago Mundi, an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent. Geopoetics is an interdisciplinary approach that combines geography and poetry to explore the interconnectedness between humans, space, place, and the environment. The invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s helped spread geographic knowledge by making maps and charts widely available. They find the same results across occupations, and other studies confirm there is no unusual mismatch across geographies. Glaciologists focus on Earth’s ice fields and their impact on the planet’s climate. Those who study how people understand maps and geographic space belong to a subdiscipline known as behavioral geography. Geography seeks to understand where things are found and why they are present in those places; how things that are located in the same or distant places influence one another over time; and why places and the people who live in them develop and change in particular ways. [107] The physical geographic features of a region, such as its landforms, climate, and resources, shape human settlements, trade routes, and economic activities, which in turn influence the course of historical events. The contributors to this tradition were historically cartographers, but it now encompasses what we call technical geography and geographic information science.[43]. Indeed, mapmaking probably came even before writing in many places. It seeks to answer the questions of why things are as they are, where they are. Krige, Danie G. (1951). When, for example, people allow their animals to overgraze a region, the soil erodes and grassland is transformed into desert. 1. uncountable noun Geography is the study of the countries of the world and of such things as the land, seas, climate, towns, and population . [11] The difference between these approaches led to the development of integrated geography, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans. In fact, every academic subject has some geographic connection. [58] These methods revitalized the discipline in many ways, allowing scientific testing of hypotheses and proposing scientific geographic theories and laws. The physical characteristics, especially the surface features, of an area. Britannica Dictionary definition of GEOGRAPHY 1 [noncount] : an area of study that deals with the location of countries, cities, rivers, mountains, lakes, etc. Today, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense communicate with receivers on the ground called global positioning system (GPS) units to instantly identify exact locations on Earth. During the quantitative revolution, geography shifted to an empirical law-making (nomothetic) approach. The natural environment is the primary concern of physical geographers, although many physical geographers also look at how humans have altered natural systems.
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