Interpretation of infant facial expression in the context of maternal postnatal depression. For child participants, parents were instructed to read these options to their children prior to requesting their verbal response. Front Psychol. 1977; Alley 1981; McKelvie 1993) and caregiving responses (Alley 1983a; b). The comparisons were implemented using Analysis of Variance, yielding Chi-square statistics and p-values. See this image and copyright information in PMC. There was neither a significant main effect of gender (F(1, 60) = 1.9, p = 0.18) nor a significant interaction between gender and baby schema (F(2, 59) = 0.4, p = 0.71). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the All adult participants and parents of child participants provided informed consent to take part in the experiments, and child participants provided assent. We used a model comparison approach34 to test whether a model with a predictor of interest (e.g., mask condition) better explained the data than a model without the predictor. 2b). Here we focused on facial cuteness, however cuteness is multidimensional, extending to sounds and smells1 and possibly more (e.g., behaviors such as play and dancing). PMC Human infants display kindchenschema (e.g., larger heads, eyes, and chubby cheeks), which elicit perceptions of cuteness, prolonged attention, interest in caregiving, and reward activity in the brain3,4,5. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Auf Basis des evolutionspsychologischen Ansatzes, der Kindchenschema- und der kognitiven Schematheorie wird erklärt, wann und warum Konsumenten Produkte vermenschlichen (Anthropomorphisierung . Since prior research indicates that cuteness perception seems to emerge between 3 and 6 years of age8,20, we tested whether it would guide children’s play preferences and whether masks would reduce cuteness-based interest. Chin SF, Wade TJ, French K. Race and facial attractiveness: individual differences in perceived adoptability of children. We did not use windowing or other procedures that would focus attention exclusively on facial features because we aimed for a more naturalistic assessment and to avoid cueing participants to respond in terms of facial features. The 5-point rating scales ranged from 1 ‘Not Very Cute’ to 5 ‘Very Cute’ and from 1 ‘Would Not Very Much Like To Take Care Of’ to 5 ‘Would Very Much Like To Take Care Of’, respectively. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Growth-produced changes in body shape and size as determinants of perceived age and adult caregiving. Three additional participants who did not select any rating for more than 20 percent of the presented faces were also excluded. Examination of morphological traits of children's faces related to perceptions of cuteness using Gaussian process ordinal regression. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Hernández Blasi, C., Bjorklund, D. F. & Soler, M. R. Cognitive cues are more compelling than facial cues in determining adults’ reactions towards young children. For example, prior work suggests children’s immature thinking may influence adults' perceptions more than facial information31. Hay, D. F. et al. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Is a translation missing, have you noticed a mistake, or do you just want to leave some positive feedback? Cho, S. Aesthetic and Value Judgment of Neotenous Objects: Cuteness as a Design Factor and Its Effects on Product Evaluation. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Kindchenschema [engl. Random intercepts were included to account for item-level and subject-level variation. The baby schema response can have behavioral consequences. We applied standard anthropometric measures (Farkas 1994) and graphic and morphing techniques to a set of independently validated infant photographs (Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald 1979) to produce infant faces with parametrically manipulated baby schema content consisting of high (round face, high forehead, big eyes, small nose and mouth), low (narrow face, low forehead, small eyes, big nose and mouth) and unmanipulated baby schema portraits of each infant (Table 1, Fig. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Baby schema was operationalized using facial features recognized as typical anatomical infant characteristics that have previously been suggested to contribute to the baby schema response (Alley 1981; Brooks & Hochberg 1960; Enlow 1982; Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald 1979; Hueckstedt 1965; Lorenz 1970; Sternglanz et al. The definition of cute, albeit subjective and culture specific, usually consists of a list of traits characteristic to infant faces. Karraker KH, Stern M. Infant physical attractiveness and facial expression: effects on adult perceptions. Lorenz, K. Die angeborenen formen möglicher erfahrung. In contrast to the findings with adult participants, child participants' interest in playing with the depicted children did not correlate with previously obtained cuteness ratings or measured kindchenschema, and there was no effect of masks, p > 0.05. University of Michigan (2012). Accessibility Do you have any feedback regarding our online dictionaries? These analyses were implemented using the lmer() function of the lme4 package32 in R33. The same pattern held between perceived age and interest in playing with and caring for depicted children. The perceived attractiveness of preterm infants. Fifty-eight participants identified as White, 12 as South Asian, 10 as Black/African American, 8 as East Asian, 3 as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1 as Native American/Alaska Native, and 19 participants identified as multiracial or other. For each, we asked that they rate how much they would like to care for the pictured child. Nineteen participants identified as Hispanic or Latinx. We nevertheless believe that our study adequately represented baby schema, as the majority of baby schema features appear in the head and face and most of them were captured by our manipulations. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz suggested that certain infant characteristics evoke a positive affective response in the human. Animal behavior: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology (McGraw-Hill, 1966). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Similarly, interest in caring for children was predicted by ratings of perceived age from Experiment 1, \(\chi\)2(1) = 17.07, p < 0.001. Tips; Tricks; Psys. It is possible that asking participants about their interest in playing with the depicted children led them to search for cues of readiness to play (e.g., smiles), and thus reported interest in playing with unmasked children may have been lower than it would have been otherwise, reducing the likelihood of detecting a main effect of masks. We thank the families who participated in this research, and Isabela Alfaro, Mary Alphonse, Scarlett Bird-Guerra, Sydney Foss, Sara Kah, and Jordan Hassani for assistance with data collection and coding. 86(2), 7–103 (2021). Next, participants were show each image, sequentially, and were asked “How cute is this child?” and “How old is this child?” Cuteness ratings were provided as ‘stars’ on a 5-point scale with 1 to 5 stars as response options. However, over the course of its history, Coney Island has been home to freak shows and human exhibits of all kinds. Langlois JH, Ritter JM, Casey RJ, Sawin DB. Abstract Variations of schematic profile drawings were shown to 330 Ss of various ages. Alley TR, Baron RM. Archer, J. Cuteness may play a key role in eliciting and fine-tuning such verbal input to the infant or child. The child pattern describes the childlike proportions occurring in humans and among many higher species of animals, which act as a key stimulus and cause caring behavior and anxiety behavior, which ensures precisely in the animal kingdom that parents care for their young, protect and raise them. Before This study investigates the effect of kindchenschema across cultures. In this study we used a visual adaptation paradigm to investigate the universality of the perceptual properties of the Kindchenschema. Employing quantitative techniques, we parametrically manipulated the baby schema content to produce infant faces with high (e.g. Komori M, Teraji T, Shiroshita K, Nittono H. Front Psychol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279985. In addition, some relevant facial features such as the curvature of the forehead and chubby cheeks were not included in our manipulations because an adequate method for measuring these characteristics from photographs was not available. 2015 Jul 17;6:970. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00970. Consistent with this possibility, perceived age remained correlated with perceived cuteness after accounting for measured kindchenschema, \(\chi\) 2(1) = 17.37, p < 0.001 (Fig. Psychol. Internet Explorer). Hum. Faces were presented in one of two fixed orders that pseudorandomized the gender, race, and ethnicity of faces. 67(1), 1–48 (2015). To maintain normal facial appearance (Farkas 1994), we measured baby schema in a sample of 40 unmanipulated infant faces and used the range of baby schema values in this sample as a guide for our manipulations. 8600 Rockville Pike Data from an additional 20 participants were not included in the final dataset because they gave all but two or fewer images the same rating. Participants were randomly assigned to view faces that were masked (left) or unmasked (right). Perceived age in years and months was entered by participants using a slider, with age in half year increments (e.g., 3.5 years; range 2.5–8 years). Philos. Hildebrandt KA, Fitzgerald HE. Although the perception of the baby schema may be equal in women and men, the bias toward caregiving motivation in women could be evolutionary advantageous, considering that they are the primary caregivers in most societies (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1989). These measures served to classify facial parameters in an infant’s face as high or low baby schema features, respectively (high baby schema: fw, fol/fal, ew/fw > mean, nl/hl, nw/fw, mw/fw < mean; low baby schema: fw, fol/fal, ew/fw < mean, nl/hl, nw/fw, mw/fw > mean; Table 1). Examples of these images are available in the online supplemental file. Zebrowitz, L. A. Lorenz proposed the concept of baby schema (Kindchenschema), a set of facial and body features that make a creature appear "cute" and activate ("release") in others the motivation to care for it. *Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, †Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. Mothers’ responses to infant physical appearance. The name and location of landmarks were adapted from anthropometric definitions (Farkas 1994) and included the Vertex (top of the head), Gnathion (bottom of the chin), the outer edges of the face along the x-axis, Endocanthi (inner corners of the eyes), Exocanthi (outer corners of the eyes), Nasion (nose base at the crossing of the x- and y-axis), Subnasale (below the tip of the nose), Alare (widest point on nose wing), Labiale superius (midpoint of the upper lip line), Labiale inferius (midpoint of the lower lip line) and the Cheilion (outer edge of the mouth; Fig. Lexikon der Psychologie Kindchenschema Kindchenschema, Beispiel für angeborenes Verhalten, das ein Auslöseschema braucht ( angeborener auslösender Mechanismus ). This work was supported by Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (German National Academic Foundation; stipend to M.L.G.) Using photographs of infants, Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald (1979) correlated facial feature size with cuteness ratings. Große Augen, hohe Stirn, ein kleines Kinn rufen "Niedlichkeit" auf. Obwohl sie eine ganze Reihe unveröffentlichter neuer Beobachtungen und Versuche enthält, stehen diese nicht genug im Mittelpunkte der Untersuchung, um eine Zusammenfassung von Ergebnissen in jener Form möglich zu machen, wie sie sonst . Keating CF, Randal DW, Kendrick T, Gutshall KA. designed the research and analyzed the data. For each child, we ask that you rate how cute you perceive the face to be and​​​​ provide an estimate of the child's age.”. Both women and men gave higher caretaking motivation ratings to high and unmanipulated baby schema infants than to low baby schema infants (Women: high vs. low, t = 6.8, df = 24, p < 0.001, unmanipulated vs. low, t = 7.7, df = 24, p < 0.001; Men: high vs. low, t = 4.8, df = 18, p < 0.001, unmanipulated vs. low, t = 5.4, df = 18, p < 0.001). & Kringelbach, M. L. Interpreting infant vocal distress: The ameliorative effect of musical training in depression. In the Cuteness Task, participants were asked to rate the cuteness of each infant (‘how cute is the infant?’) and in the Caretaking Task, they were asked to rate the extent of their motivation to take care of the infant in the picture (‘how much does the infant make you feel that you would like to take care of it?’). Borgi, M., Cogliati-Dezza, I., Brelsford, V., Meints, K. & Cirulli, F. Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children. Participants tested in-person proceeded through the experiment via Qualtrics in an identical fashion as they would have online. Humans judge faces in incomplete photographs as physically more attractive. Faces were two-dimensionally straightened and cropped to a head length (hl) of 500 pixels. Das von Konrad Lorenz postulierte Kindchenschema ist für die Entwicklungs- wie für die Evolutionäre Psychologie gleichermaßen relevant: Charakteristi-ka dieses Schemas (relativ großer Kopf,. Error bars represent +/−1 SE, respectively. Sci Rep 12, 11903 (2022). Studies employing line drawings and schematic faces manipulated selected components of the baby schema and confirmed that baby schema features elicit cuteness perception (Brooks & Hochberg 1960; Hueckstedt 1965; Sternglanz et al. Subjects were alternately assigned to participate in the Cuteness Task or the Caretaking Task. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz suggested that certain infant characteristics evoke a positive affective response in the human. Yet it is important to note, as one might assume, that visible kindchenschema would provide comparable information. 2006). volume 12, Article number: 11903 (2022) Sechs super süße und niedliche Katzenbabys bei uns zu Gast: Das Kindchenschema beschreibt Köperproportionen, die auf junge Menschen oder junge Tiere hinweisen. Kindchenschema scores were also associated with perceived age, \(\chi\)2(1) = 14.68, p < 0.001, and with perceived cuteness, \(\chi\)2(1) = 11.57, p < 0.01 (Fig. Psychol. The goal was to create infant portraits displaying either high or low baby schema features. A. To conduct our analyses, we fit mixed-effects regression models of perceived cuteness and age, and interest in playing with and caring for children. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15922-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15922-z. and NIMH Grant MH60722 (to R.C.G.). The stimuli were based on a set of 60 chromatic infant photographs consisting of five male and five female caucasian infants at each of the ages of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 months with a neutral facial expression (Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald 1979). Before Sci. Accordingly, cuteness has been theorized to activate numerous psychological processes and behaviors beyond care and protection, including mentalizing, social engagement, empathy, and play1,15. The combination of graphic and morphing techniques with anthropometric methods allowed us to experimentally manipulate baby schema in actual infant faces and provide quantitative demonstration of the phenomena implied by the prior research. The degree of manipulations was determined by the amount of baby schema present in an unmanipulated infant’s face. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, In Experiment 1 (n = 118 adults), we found that perceived cuteness and perceived age were related, \(\chi\)2(1) = 18.76, p < 0.001. Cuteness ratings that were obtained in one sample for unmasked faces were less predictive of subsequent samples’ interest in playing with and caring for the depicted children when they were masked versus when they were not. However, these results were not controlled for the individual facial differences unrelated to baby schema, such as hairstyle, eye color or facial symmetry. Of the child sample, 86 were recruited and tested online via Qualtrics and 12 were tested in-person in a child laboratory setting. We predicted that masks with positive or cute patterns might increase interest relative to plain masks or those with neutral patterns. Testing the baby schema hypothesis beyond infancy. Hernández Blasi, C., Bjorklund, D. F., Agut, S., Lozano Nomdedeu, F. & Martínez, M. Á. Voices as cues to children’s needs for caregiving. Schleidt M, Schiefenhovel W, Stanjek K, Krell R. “Caring for a baby” behavior: reactions of passersby to a mother and baby. Nevertheless, as predicted, masks affected the relation between cuteness ratings obtained in Experiment 1 and interest ratings obtained in the new sample, such that the relation was weaker when children were masked versus when they were not, \(\chi\)2(1) = 17.41, p < 0.001. We found no evidence that masks or mask patterns influenced interest in playing, ps > 0.05. Because our study used static images alone, in the absence of other cues, we do not know the extent to which masks affect others’ interest when other cues to youth are present. 1980) and both children and adults consistently prefer pictures of infants over pictures of adults (Berman et al. Of the adult sample, 30 were recruited from a database of families consenting to be contacted about research projects and 65 were recruited from a university subject participant pool. Previous work on this fundamental concept was restricted to schematic baby representations or correlative approaches. We did not find the predicted main effect of masks on perceived cuteness, p > 0.5. What roles might kindchenschema and cuteness play in supporting interest in children? 118 participants (91 female, mean age = 23.77 years) were recruited and tested online via Qualtrics. A possible explanation for these results is that participants’ judgments of masked faces are simply noisier as they are based on less information. Two participants preferred not to respond. Judd, C. M., McClelland, G. H. & Ryan, C. S. Data Analysis: A Model Comparison Approach to Regression, ANOVA, and beyond (Routledge, 2017). The cutest little baby face: A hormonal link to sensitivity to cuteness in infant faces. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Alley TR. The main effect of baby schema on cuteness ratings was significant (F(2, 59) = 137.3, p < 0.001). The background of all pictures was set to black (Photoshop; Adobe Systems). baby (face) schema ], [ KOG], die bei Menschen und bei vielen höheren Tierarten vorkommenden kindlichen Körper- und Gesichtsproportionen sowie auch Verhaltensmerkmale des kindlichen Organismus, die als Schlüsselreiz gedeutet werden und Kümmerungs- und Fürsorgeverhalten auslösen. Adults’ interest in playing with the depicted children was predicted by kindchenschema, \(\chi\)2(1) = 5.22, p < 0.02, as well as the cuteness ratings obtained with a different sample in Experiment 1, \(\chi\)2(1) = 59.59, p < 0.001. Martin, C. L. et al. government site. Women also selected higher caretaking motivation ratings for the high baby schema infants than for the unmanipulated infants (t = 4.7, df = 24, p < 0.001), but men did not (t = 0.8, df = 18, p = 0.42 ns; Fig. The authors thank Dr. Katherine Karraker from the Department of Psychology at West Virginia University for providing the original set of infant photographs. Das Kindchenschema wurde 1943 von Konrad Lorenz entwickelt. Data from an additional 20 participants were not included in the final dataset because they gave all but two or fewer images the same rating. Either way, the findings indicate that in the presence of masks, interest and concern are less influenced by the specific child’s kindchenschema and cuteness. Psychol. 1977). 2b). 1b). For example, cute infants are looked at longer (Hildebrandt & Fitzgerald 1978), and mothers of more attractive infants are more affectionate and playful (Langlois et al. & Kringelbach, M. L. The motivational salience of infant faces is similar for men and women. Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. These findings are consistent with previous studies that used less ecologically valid stimuli (Brooks & Hochberg 1960; Hueckstedt 1965; Sternglanz et al. Careers. 2003). 1 for examples). Ethologist Konrad Lorenz proposed that baby schema ('Kindchenschema') is a set of infantile physical features such as the large head, round face and big eyes that is perceived as cute and motivates caretaking behavior in other individuals, with the evolutionary function of enhancing offspring surviv … & Saffran, J. R. Infant-directed speech facilitates word segmentation. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Because our kindchenschema measurements were obtained based on 2D images of faces, and the measurements themselves are somewhat crude indicators of age-related cuteness conveyed by children’s facial features, this research likely underestimated the influence of facial kindchenschema on interest. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University and informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The mask manipulation was between subjects in all of our experiments in order to minimize the likelihood that participants would infer the study goals and use the presence or absence of masks as their rating criterion. Thus, in Experiment 4 we repeated our procedure but instead asked about interest in caring for the depicted children, as in3,4. Book  Preregistrations, deidentified data and code for the four experiments are deposited on OSF https://osf.io/6mnsq/. FOIA 3(3), 245–251 (2011). Citation Hückstedt, B. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Effectiveness of Intergenerational Interaction on Older Adults Depends on Children's Developmental Stages; Observational Evaluation in Facilities for Geriatric Health Service. In the reported research, we explore the possibility that cuteness in children affects others’ perceptions and interest in a way that could support their development. Donovan, W. L., Leavitt, L. A. Sprengelmeyer, R. et al. 13, 48149 Muenster, Germany. Article  1995). H4: Da das Kindchenschema als ein Reiz angesehen wird, der die Fürsorge von Kindern durch ihre Eltern sicherstel-len soll (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1997) und da es Ansätze dazu gibt, dass dieses oben bereits genannte Kin-Care-Motiv Konsumentscheidungen beeinflussen kann (Griskevicius & Infant Behav. N.J.S. Previous studies have found that children notice and respond to cuteness as well8, so it is unlikely that this was unnoticed by children in our study; however, it did not factor into their reported interest in playing with the depicted children. The racial/ethnic breakdown of the images were as follows: 36 White, 14 Black/African American, 13 Latinx/non-White Hispanic, 9 Asian, and 7 South Asian children. S.D. Human infant faces provoke implicit positive affective responses in parents and non-parents alike. 20(2), 149–154 (2009). Reading faces: Window to the soul? Slider with three articles shown per slide. Thus, whether participants are asked about interest in playing with or caring for children, we do not find evidence that masks affect their ratings; however, we do find consistent evidence that ratings are less guided by cues of age-related dependence—kindchenschema and perceived cuteness—in the presence of masks. Evolutionary context of human development: The cooperative breeding model. Sixty-five participants identified as White, 12 as East Asian, 5 as South Asian, 1 as Black/African American, and 15 participants identified as multiracial or other. 8600 Rockville Pike These responses may be heightened in women of childbearing age6, but they are reliably elicited in parents and non-parents7, children and adults8, and males and females9. PLoS One. Therefore experience with infants is unlikely to confound the sex differences we report. How infant appearance informs: child care providers’ responses to babies varying in appearance of age and attractiveness. On Cuteness: Unlocking the Parental Brain and Beyond. Primary Menu. Two additional parameters (the position of the Endocanthi along the x-axis and the distance between nose and mouth/Distance between mouth and chin), that were affected by the manipulation procedure, were re-adjusted to their approximate original position or proportion index, respectively. Please fill out the feedback form. PLoS ONE 15(5), e0232059 (2020). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Ritter JM, Casey RJ, Langlois JH. Cuteness is a type of attractiveness commonly associated with youth and appearance, as well as a scientific concept and analytical model in ethology, first introduced by Konrad Lorenz. Yet it is also possible that any negative effects of masks on interest may have been offset by lower reported interest in unmasked faces with neutral expressions. Softw. Ethology 117(3), 217–226 (2011). Child Psychol. Sci. The construct of cuteness: A validity study for measuring content and evoked emotions on social media. An investigation of Lorenz’s “babyness”. The same pattern was found for perceived age ratings from Experiment 1, \(\chi\)2(1) = 15.16, p < 0.001; however, this relation was no longer significant after controlling for perceived cuteness (p > 0.38), consistent with perceived cuteness indexing age-related dependency and guiding interest. Adults’ responses to infants varying in appearance of age and attractiveness. and transmitted securely. Gopnik, A., Frankenhuis, W. E. & Tomasello, M. Introduction to special issue: ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’. Changes in Cat Facial Morphology Are Related to Interaction with Humans. Livingston, R. W. & Pearce, N. A. Das Kindchenschema wirkt als Schlüsselreiz und löst Brutpflegeverhalten aus. (1965). Accessibility Forty-eight participants identified as White, 11 as East Asian, 10 as South Asian, 6 as Black/African American, 1 as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1 as Native American/Alaska Native, and 15 participants identified as multiracial or other. FOIA We replicated the findings from Experiment 2, with interest in playing being predicted by kindchenschema, \(\chi\)2(1) = 4.12, p < 0.05, and prior cuteness ratings, \(\chi\)2(1) = 52.28, p < 0.001. PLoS ONE 5(12), e15058 (2010). Examples of low (a,d), unmanipulated (b,e) and high (c,f) baby schema infant faces. Yet exploratory analyses indicated that masks weakened the associations between measured kindchenschema and perceived age, \(\chi\)2(1) = 74.05, p < 0.001, and between measured kindchenschema and perceived cuteness, \(\chi\)2(1) = 4.53, p < 0.05.
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